Results from a normative dependency analysis of geographic information standards

Standardization in the field of geographic information started in the 1990s when geographic information BLOCKIN BLOCKIN systems BLOCKIN BLOCKIN (GIS) BLOCKIN BLOCKIN matured BLOCKIN BLOCKIN and BLOCKIN BLOCKIN the BLOCKIN BLOCKIN advent BLOCKIN BLOCKIN of BLOCKIN BLOCKIN the BLOCKIN BLOCKIN Internet BLOCKIN BLOCKIN accelerated BLOCKIN BLOCKIN the BLOCKIN BLOCKIN exchange BLOCKIN BLOCKIN of information. Recent developments, such as location-­‐based services and the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) on handheld devices, have further increased the demand for standardization in the field. ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics develops the ISO 19100 series of geographic information standards and collaborates with other standards organizations, for example, by developing abstract standards for which the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) develops implementation specifications. To date, forty nine ISO 19100 standards BLOCKIN BLOCKIN have BLOCKIN BLOCKIN been BLOCKIN BLOCKIN published. BLOCKIN BLOCKIN Many BLOCKIN BLOCKIN of BLOCKIN BLOCKIN these BLOCKIN BLOCKIN were BLOCKIN BLOCKIN recently BLOCKIN BLOCKIN approved BLOCKIN BLOCKIN for BLOCKIN BLOCKIN revision. BLOCKIN BLOCKIN One BLOCKIN BLOCKIN of BLOCKIN BLOCKIN the challenges of standard maintenance is to determine whether a change in a revised standard affects other standards, and how. Object dependency analysis is commonly used in object-­‐ oriented software maintenance. Geographic information standards, however, are not composed purely of objects. Instead, dependencies in all the normative elements of the standard have to be analyzed BLOCKIN BLOCKIN and BLOCKIN BLOCKIN understood. BLOCKIN BLOCKIN This BLOCKIN BLOCKIN paper BLOCKIN BLOCKIN presents BLOCKIN BLOCKIN the BLOCKIN BLOCKIN novel BLOCKIN BLOCKIN approach BLOCKIN BLOCKIN of BLOCKIN BLOCKIN a BLOCKIN BLOCKIN normative BLOCKIN BLOCKIN dependency analysis for standard maintenance in which interdependencies between the normative elements of standards are analyzed. In the paper a normative dependency between two standards is defined for the first time, a notation for normative dependencies is introduced, a normative dependency BLOCKIN